Galley Proof, Reprint and Pdf Order Form

Environmental design criteria for artificial reefs (ARs), including wave and current interaction, were investigated in an unidirectional wave channel to account for conditions encountered in the Black Sea. Wave and current data were obtained from a multifunctional observation system in the Black Sea and analyzed for use in the wave channel experiments. Regular wave conditions were modeled in the channel. The wave channel had a 1-on-30 bottom slope. Reef models were constructed according to Froude similarity law with the scale of 1/30. AR concrete block stability and the scour contact area between the reef blocks and sand bottom were determined. In total, seven wave sets with 35 wave runs over 30-min spans were performed in the experiments to determine stability of the blocks. Tests were run using three various-sized reef models and four different bottom depths (33, 50, 66, and 83 cm). Local scour formations on the sand bottom were observed and measured over model runs that tested seven different wave heights (5, 6, 6.5, 7.5, 8.5, 9.5, and 10 cm) and a constant wave period (1.13 s) in 15 min duration comparing two water depths (33 and 50 cm). Local scour depth was determined at these deeper water depths for the reef models. At the conclusion of the study, a stability chart was compiled to determine accurate settling, design, and installation parameters depending on reef size, water depth, and local wave conditions. Artificial reef (AR) applications have the the potential to reduce conflicts between fisherman and legal authorities in Turkey (Lök et al., 2002). ARs, constructed with reinforced concrete, have been used in the western coasts of Turkey for more than 15 yrs (Fig. 1, Table 1). ARs have been deployed along many coasts to decrease wave energy and prevent beach erosion (Bruno, 1993), enhance fisheries aquaculture and diving tourism, protect habitats, and foster research (Seaman and Jensen, 2000) for years. During these various uses of ARs, data have been collected on deployment methods (Grove and Sonu, 1985), design and construction processes (Sato, 1985; Grove et al., 1989; Bohnsack, 1991; Seaman, 1996), assessment of efficiency (Brock and Norris, 1989; Seaman and Jensen, 2000), and environmental influences on ARs (Grove and Sonu, 1985; Nakamura, 1985; Sheng, 2000; Grace, 2001). Durability of the material and stability of the reef block are the most important design characteristics. AR blocks must be durable and stable during and after installation. Knowledge of the density and stability of concrete blocks has led to their use for protection of seagrass from illegal trawl fisheries by Seaman (1996). Although biological effects of ARs have been considered to be the most important factor while designing reef units, their physical and economical characteristics are now receiving increased attention. Physical characteristics include elements of the reef units, materials, structural integrity, block strength, as well as the environment in which the reefs are deployed. According to Sheng (2000), the environment of reefs can be divided into large-scale (circulation, wave climate, and sediment dynamics) and small-scale (local current and wave, bottom sediments, temperature, and salinity) environments. While designing the reefs, environmental effects such as wave and I have proofed and made all necessary corrections to this galley Signature:________________________ IMPORTANT NOTE: Do not be alarmed by the image resolution on this PDF proof! Due to the limitations of printer output, figures can appear different than they will actually be on the printed journal. This proof is for checking design, accuracy of all type, and general scheme. Also be aware any photos are shown at a much coarser screen (resolution) and may show some loss of detail. Galley proof